Methods and analysis
Surface Reflectance Versus Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance
Top-of-atmosphere reflectance describes the signal reaching the sensor after interaction with atmosphere and surface.
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Methods and analysis
Thermal Comparisons for Urban Districts: Sentinel-3 SLSTR
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Methods and analysis
Spectral Libraries and Satellite Bands: Comparing Like with Like
A laboratory spectral library records material reflectance under defined conditions, often at much finer spectral sampling than an orbital sensor.
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Methods and analysis
Band Ratios for Mineral Screening: Absorption Features and Ambiguity
Band ratios can emphasize broad spectral contrasts associated with iron-bearing surfaces, clay-rich materials or other mineral-related features.
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Methods and analysis
Spectral Index Thresholds: Local Evidence Before Global Rules
An index threshold converts a continuous optical feature into a class or alert.
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Methods and analysis
Multi-Index Feature Stacks: Avoiding Redundant Predictors
A stack of vegetation, moisture, water and built-surface indices can summarize different spectral contrasts.
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Methods and analysis
Index Change Versus Physical Change: Designing a Reliable Comparison
A spectral index difference is a change in an optical feature between observations.
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Methods and analysis
Simple Ratio Vegetation Index: Interpretability and Numerical Stability
The simple ratio vegetation index divides near-infrared reflectance by red reflectance.
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Methods and analysis
Green NDVI for Vegetation Screening Beyond a Color Map
Green NDVI substitutes green reflectance for red in a near-infrared normalized difference.
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Methods and analysis
Red-Edge Chlorophyll Indices: Band Choice and Local Calibration
Red-edge indices use reflectance near the transition from red absorption to near-infrared scattering.
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Methods and analysis
Bare Soil Index for Exposed-Surface Monitoring
The bare soil index combines visible, near-infrared and shortwave infrared reflectance to emphasize some exposed surfaces.
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Methods and analysis
NDBI for Built-Surface Screening: Why Bare Soil Is a Confounder
The normalized difference built-up index often uses (SWIR minus NIR) divided by (SWIR plus NIR).
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Methods and analysis
NDSI for Snow Cover: Clouds, Ice and Threshold Transfer
NDSI exploits the contrast between relatively bright visible snow and reduced shortwave infrared reflectance.
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